Buen dia ,
Les adjunto el link de una pagina en la que podran encontrar informacion sobre salud publica. La pagina es administrada por un doctor cubano , pero actualmente , recide en honduras. Es catedratico en UNAH.
La mayoria de la informacion que encontraran , son resumen, de otros blogs hechos por otros doctores, sin embargo la informacion es muy interesante y redactada en muy en forma clara y facil de entender...
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Medicina-LCM-Salud-P%C3%BAblica/497126960363984?ref=br_tf
lunes, 8 de diciembre de 2014
Patologia basica .
Les adjunto este link donde prodran obtener informacion basica sobre patologia.
http://patologiabasica.blogspot.com/
http://patologiabasica.blogspot.com/
Que es la Leucemia mielógena crónica ?
Es un cáncer
que comienza dentro de la médula ósea, el tejido blando en el interior
de los huesos que ayuda a formar todas las células sanguíneas.
La LMC ocasiona una proliferación incontrolable de células inmaduras que forman un cierto tipo de glóbulos blancos llamados células mieloides. Las células afectadas se acumulan en la médula ósea y en la sangre.
La LMC ocasiona una proliferación incontrolable de células inmaduras que forman un cierto tipo de glóbulos blancos llamados células mieloides. Las células afectadas se acumulan en la médula ósea y en la sangre.
Causas
La causa de la LMC está relacionada con una anomalía cromosómica llamada cromosoma Filadelfia.La exposición a la radiación puede aumentar el riesgo de sufrir leucemia mielógena crónica (LMC). Esto puede ser por tratamientos de radioterapia utilizados en el pasado para tratar el cáncer de tiroides o el linfoma de Hodgkin o por un desastre nuclear.
Pasan muchos años antes de que se presente leucemia por exposición a la radiación. La mayoría de las personas a quienes se les trata un cáncer con radiación no contraen leucemia. La mayoría de los pacientes con LMC no han estado expuestos a la radiación.
La LMC se presenta más comúnmente en adultos de mediana edad y en niños.
Síntomas
La leucemia mielógena crónica se agrupa en varias fases.- Crónica
- Acelerada
- Crisis hemoblástica
La fase acelerada es una fase más peligrosa durante la cual las células de la leucemia se multiplican con mayor rapidez. Los síntomas frecuentes abarcan: fiebre (sin infección), dolor óseo e inflamación del bazo.
Sin tratamiento, la leucemia mielógena crónica progresa a una fase de crisis hemoblástica. Se puede presentar sangrado e infección debido a la insuficiencia de la médula ósea.
Entre otros posibles síntomas de crisis hemoblástica están:
- Hematomas
- Sudoración excesiva (sudores fríos)
- Fatiga
- Fiebre
- Presión bajo las costillas izquierdas inferiores a causa de la inflamación del bazo
- Erupción: pequeñas marcas puntiformes y rojas en la piel (petequias)
- Debilidad
Pruebas y exámenes
Un examen físico a menudo revela una inflamación del bazo. Un hemograma o conteo sanguíneo completo (CSC) muestra un incremento en el número de glóbulos blancos con presencia de muchas formas inmaduras y con un aumento en la cantidad de plaquetas. Éstas son partes de la sangre que ayudan en la coagulación.Otros exámenes que se pueden realizar abarcan:
- Biopsia por aspirado medular.
- Pruebas de sangre y de médula ósea para detectar la presencia del cromosoma Filadelfia.
- Conteo de plaquetas.
Tratamiento
El primer tratamiento para la LMC son generalmente los medicamentos que ataquen la proteína anormal formada por el cromosoma Filadelfia. Estos medicamentos se pueden tomar como las pastillas.Algunas veces, se utiliza primero la quimioterapia para reducir el conteo de glóbulos blancos si está muy alto en el momento del diagnóstico.
La fase de crisis hemoblástica es muy difícil de tratar, debido a que hay un conteo muy alto de glóbulos blancos inmaduros (células leucémicas).
La única cura conocida para la leucemia mielógena crónica es un trasplante de médula ósea o de células madre. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los pacientes no necesitan trasplante porque los medicamentos que atacan la enfermedad son eficaces. Analice las opciones con su oncólogo.
Es posible que usted y su médico deban manejar muchos otros asuntos o preocupaciones durante el tratamiento para la leucemia, como:
- Estar en casa durante la quimioterapia
- Manejo de las mascotas durante la quimioterapia
- Problemas de sangrado
- Comer suficientes calorías al estar enfermo
- Hinchazón y dolor en la boca
- Alimentación segura durante el tratamiento del cáncer
Grupos de apoyo
El estrés causado por la enfermedad se puede aliviar uniéndose a un grupo de apoyo para el cáncer. El hecho de compartir con otras personas que tengan experiencias y problemas en común puede ayudarle a no sentirse solo.Expectativas (pronóstico)
El hecho de tomar los medicamentos dirigidos a la enfermedad ha mejorado enormemente el pronóstico para los pacientes con LMC. Cuando los signos y síntomas de LMC desaparecen y cuando el conteo sanguíneo y la biopsia de médula ósea aparecen normales, la persona se considera en remisión. Muchas de estas personas pueden permanecer en remisión por largos años mientras estén tomando el medicamento.El trasplante de células madre o de médula ósea generalmente se considera en personas cuya enfermedad reaparece o empeora mientras está tomando los medicamentos iniciales. El trasplante también puede recomendarse a quienes se les ha diagnosticado en etapa acelerada o crisis hemoblástica.
Posibles complicaciones
La crisis hemoblástica puede llevar a que se presenten complicaciones, incluyendo infección, sangrado, fatiga, fiebre inexplicable y problemas renales. La quimioterapia puede tener efectos secundarios serios, dependiendo de los fármacos utilizados.Prevención
Evite la exposición a la radiación cuando sea posible.Cuarto Gen Que Produce Epilepsia descubierto por UNAH
El científico hondureño y
decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Marco Tulio Medina, informó que gracias a
un trabajo de investigación desarrollado por más de 22 años se descubrió
un cuarto gen que provoca la Epilepsia, denominado “Alonsina”.
El neurólogo explicó que este proyecto
inició desde 1992 en conjunto con la Universidad de los Ángeles,
California, con la composición de un consorcio de científicos de los
Estados Unidos, Japón, Bélgica, México, Brasil, España entre otros
llamado “GENES”.
Medina amplió que este estudio involucra
a 700 familias, de las cuales 100 son hondureñas y que este cuarto gen
se viene a sumar a los genes previamente descubiertos que son EFHC1, el
gen receptor GABA (sub unidad BETA3) y el ICK, que están relacionadas
con la migración de las neuronas.
“Las neuronas cuando el humano se está
formando como embrión se mueven de una parte del cerebro ha otra parte
del cerebro y ese movimiento se llama migración, existen varios tipos de
migraciones, la radial y la migración tangencial. Este gen alterado
produce alteración en la migración, entonces las neuronas no se ubican
dónde deben ubicarse, lo mismo le pasa al gen de EFHC1”, informó el
especialista.
Para Medina con este cuarto gen se
demuestra un mecanismo que no se había descubierto, confirmado que es
que la migración de la neurona puede estar implicado en la epilepsia
mioclónica juvenil, y que dicho hallazgo que fue presentado en el
Congreso de la Academia Americana de Neurología en Philadelphia, en el
Congreso Latinoamericano de Epilepsia en Buenos Aires, Argentina,
actualmente publicado en una revista internacional.
Marco Tulio Medina, decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas
Smarter Remarketing
People abandon websites for various reasons. If you’re lucky, they’ll
come back to finish what they started; but more often than not, they
just forget about it.
Abandoners can be hot prospects, and companies spend a lot of money trying to re-engage them so they’ll come back to the site and finish what they started.
This is done both through retargeting (paid media) and remarketing (sending a series of abandonment recovery emails) — two terms that are commonly considered interchangeable.
Whether it’s remarketing or retargeting you’re using, the goal is essentially the same: to re-engage visitors who leave before converting.
Many marketers try to lure abandoned visitors back with coupons or discounts – a risky approach because it conditions customers to deliberately abandon in search of future discounts.
There are other ways to entice visitors to return to your site that are just as effective as discounting, but not as damaging to your brand and bottom line.
By tapping into these six techniques from the world of psychology, you can tickle the buy buttons in your visitors’ brains, convincing them to come back to your site and hopefully convert.
Life is busy, and distractions like this happen throughout the day, killing countless conversions along the way.
With a highly motivated customer, re-connecting with them through a remarketing email or a retargeting ad may be sufficient to bring them back to your site.
But few buyers are really that motivated, and to capture their attention you’ll need to appeal directly to their reptilian brain — that instinctual super-processor responsible for the majority of life’s decisions.
One of the best ways to stimulate the reptilian brain is through novelty. Novelty grabs attention. In fact, the human brain is not just wired to quickly detect changes in the environment, we’re actually actively scanning (albeit subconsciously) for them all the time.
Instead of serving a generic retargeting ad, opt instead for something new and different: an eye-catching image, a simple but witty meme, or an unexpected treat that stirs your visitor’s curiosity.
If your retargeting strategy involves showing the same ad over and over again, put the element of novelty on your side by setting impression caps on each ad unit and changing the creative frequently. What’s new and novel one day will become old the next; constantly update and refresh your ad units in order to continually grab attention.
Neuroscientists have observed that people are more likely to give in to requests when they’re given a justification – even when those justifications seem irrational (e.g., asking to use the bathroom before someone else in line because “I have to pee.”)
You can use the same tactic in your remarketing efforts by answering the “why” behind the expected action.
Try tapping into the inherently self-centered nature of human beings. Using the Doppelganger Effect, for instance, you can move visitors to a decision by having them visualize themselves while using your product/service.
Like most personalization strategies, the Doppelganger Effect takes advantage of the brain’s selfish instincts, evolved from the basic need for survival and self-preservation.
You can put it to work in your remarketing campaigns by creating personalized offers and using characters, stories or settings that your visitors can identify with.
Some products or services are complicated by nature. When that’s the case, rather than focus your remarketing efforts on pushing the sale, try a softer approach that supports the decision-making process.
Offer a comparison chart, an interactive wizard or app that narrows down options based on user-supplied information, or a buyers guide that seeks to simplify some of the more complicated characteristics of your product or service.
These intermediate conversion actions will help ease the mental processing required for the purchase decision, and if done well will create a clear path to purchase.
The brain loves simplicity and clear contrast. Use that knowledge to move your visitors towards action.
An eMarketer report, for instance, shows that more than half of online shoppers use a website’s shopping cart to check the total costs for their planned purchase. The same proportion of shoppers also likes adding items to their carts over several visits before they actually check out.
Although these visitors may convert later, you can reinforce their decision to buy from you by using the Foot in the Door technique.
This involves asking for small commitments from your online users first before moving on to requests that require a much larger commitment.
Instead of badgering shopping cart abandoners with numerous emails asking them to immediately checkout, ask for a micro-conversion such as providing you with feedback on their website experience, answering a quick 1-question survey about why they abandoned, or creating a wish-list for future purchases.
People like to think of themselves as consistent. Your success in getting visitors to grant a smaller request (a micro-conversion) increases the likelihood of them following through with your big conversion ask later on.
Research has shown that paying triggers the brain’s pain center. This why some users are willing to pay for Amazon Prime and other prepaid shipping programs; it helps them avoid the pain of shipping costs every time they buy something.
Moreover, payment-related pain is mitigated by the perceived fairness of the exchange — most online shoppers would rather buy more items to reach the free shipping threshold than pay for shipping fees (which has no tangible or direct benefit to them).
Your job, in that light, is to reduce the pain that users associate with the purchase. If you suspect that high up-front costs are contributing to visitor apprehension and abandonment, address this issue in your remarketing messaging.
Move potential buyers more comfortably down your conversion funnel with messaging that helps to build the value equation while easing the perceived pain of the price tag.
Provide customer testimonials and other risk reducers like purchase guarantees and third-party endorsements.
Sweeten the deal with a pricing strategy that minimizes the payment pain, such as a discounted annual fee for customers who are “total cost” sensitive, and monthly payments for buyers who might prefer a series of smaller payments to one large one.
The existing stamps gave customers a sense of being closer to the goal, which motivated them to accumulate more stamps and complete the card.
You can apply the same principle to get website abandoners to come back and finalize their purchase. First, tailor your remarketing and retargeting messages to emphasize how close they are to completing their task (e.g., “You’re almost finished” or “It’s almost yours”).
Next, make sure that your remarketing emails and retargeting ads take
abandoners back directly to their cart. The same thing applies to
visitors who were interrupted at a certain point: take them to the last
page or activity they were in rather than to your homepage.
Don’t make your visitors think that they have to start from scratch — it’s not only annoying, it removes the impetus for goal completion.
Abandoners can be hot prospects, and companies spend a lot of money trying to re-engage them so they’ll come back to the site and finish what they started.
This is done both through retargeting (paid media) and remarketing (sending a series of abandonment recovery emails) — two terms that are commonly considered interchangeable.
Whether it’s remarketing or retargeting you’re using, the goal is essentially the same: to re-engage visitors who leave before converting.
Many marketers try to lure abandoned visitors back with coupons or discounts – a risky approach because it conditions customers to deliberately abandon in search of future discounts.
There are other ways to entice visitors to return to your site that are just as effective as discounting, but not as damaging to your brand and bottom line.
By tapping into these six techniques from the world of psychology, you can tickle the buy buttons in your visitors’ brains, convincing them to come back to your site and hopefully convert.
1. Use Novelty To Re-Engage Distracted Visitors
Your visitors’ environment has a lot of distractions. They could be browsing your site when a friend’s message pops up on Facebook. Or maybe they started their transaction while on the train but were unable to complete it by the time they had to disembark.Life is busy, and distractions like this happen throughout the day, killing countless conversions along the way.
With a highly motivated customer, re-connecting with them through a remarketing email or a retargeting ad may be sufficient to bring them back to your site.
But few buyers are really that motivated, and to capture their attention you’ll need to appeal directly to their reptilian brain — that instinctual super-processor responsible for the majority of life’s decisions.
One of the best ways to stimulate the reptilian brain is through novelty. Novelty grabs attention. In fact, the human brain is not just wired to quickly detect changes in the environment, we’re actually actively scanning (albeit subconsciously) for them all the time.
Instead of serving a generic retargeting ad, opt instead for something new and different: an eye-catching image, a simple but witty meme, or an unexpected treat that stirs your visitor’s curiosity.
If your retargeting strategy involves showing the same ad over and over again, put the element of novelty on your side by setting impression caps on each ad unit and changing the creative frequently. What’s new and novel one day will become old the next; constantly update and refresh your ad units in order to continually grab attention.
2. Give Visitors A Compelling Reason To Come Back
When a hot prospect abandons your site, your job is to try to re-create the enthusiasm and interest that they had before they left. This can be can be as simple as giving them a reason to complete the transaction (or reminding them of their original reasons for visiting your site).Neuroscientists have observed that people are more likely to give in to requests when they’re given a justification – even when those justifications seem irrational (e.g., asking to use the bathroom before someone else in line because “I have to pee.”)
You can use the same tactic in your remarketing efforts by answering the “why” behind the expected action.
Try tapping into the inherently self-centered nature of human beings. Using the Doppelganger Effect, for instance, you can move visitors to a decision by having them visualize themselves while using your product/service.
AMC’s
Dead Yourself app is the Doppelganger Effect in action. It allows fans
of the popular The Walking Dead TV series become part of the show’s
story as a walker.
You can put it to work in your remarketing campaigns by creating personalized offers and using characters, stories or settings that your visitors can identify with.
3. Use Contrast To Simplify Decision-Making
Complexity and ambiguity are two of the brain’s biggest enemies. Offering visitors too many options can actually stifle their decision-making process and cause them to abandon your site simply because the decision seemed too overwhelming at the time.Some products or services are complicated by nature. When that’s the case, rather than focus your remarketing efforts on pushing the sale, try a softer approach that supports the decision-making process.
Offer a comparison chart, an interactive wizard or app that narrows down options based on user-supplied information, or a buyers guide that seeks to simplify some of the more complicated characteristics of your product or service.
These intermediate conversion actions will help ease the mental processing required for the purchase decision, and if done well will create a clear path to purchase.
The brain loves simplicity and clear contrast. Use that knowledge to move your visitors towards action.
4. Nudge Visitors Toward Smaller Commitments
Sometimes visitors abandon because they are simply not ready to buy yet.An eMarketer report, for instance, shows that more than half of online shoppers use a website’s shopping cart to check the total costs for their planned purchase. The same proportion of shoppers also likes adding items to their carts over several visits before they actually check out.
Although these visitors may convert later, you can reinforce their decision to buy from you by using the Foot in the Door technique.
This involves asking for small commitments from your online users first before moving on to requests that require a much larger commitment.
Instead of badgering shopping cart abandoners with numerous emails asking them to immediately checkout, ask for a micro-conversion such as providing you with feedback on their website experience, answering a quick 1-question survey about why they abandoned, or creating a wish-list for future purchases.
People like to think of themselves as consistent. Your success in getting visitors to grant a smaller request (a micro-conversion) increases the likelihood of them following through with your big conversion ask later on.
5. Reduce The Pain Of The Purchase
Are online users bailing out at the last minute even though your payment process has no obvious usability issues? It could be the pain avoidance reflex at work.Research has shown that paying triggers the brain’s pain center. This why some users are willing to pay for Amazon Prime and other prepaid shipping programs; it helps them avoid the pain of shipping costs every time they buy something.
Moreover, payment-related pain is mitigated by the perceived fairness of the exchange — most online shoppers would rather buy more items to reach the free shipping threshold than pay for shipping fees (which has no tangible or direct benefit to them).
Your job, in that light, is to reduce the pain that users associate with the purchase. If you suspect that high up-front costs are contributing to visitor apprehension and abandonment, address this issue in your remarketing messaging.
Move potential buyers more comfortably down your conversion funnel with messaging that helps to build the value equation while easing the perceived pain of the price tag.
Provide customer testimonials and other risk reducers like purchase guarantees and third-party endorsements.
Sweeten the deal with a pricing strategy that minimizes the payment pain, such as a discounted annual fee for customers who are “total cost” sensitive, and monthly payments for buyers who might prefer a series of smaller payments to one large one.
6. Use The Illusion Of Progress To Encourage Visitors To Finish What They Started
If you’ve ever seen frequent buyer cards that have one or two items “pre-stamped,” you’ve probably wondered what kind of psychology is at work. The practice is based on a study which showed that people who were given pre-stamped cards tended to purchase more frequently than those who were given empty cards.The existing stamps gave customers a sense of being closer to the goal, which motivated them to accumulate more stamps and complete the card.
You can apply the same principle to get website abandoners to come back and finalize their purchase. First, tailor your remarketing and retargeting messages to emphasize how close they are to completing their task (e.g., “You’re almost finished” or “It’s almost yours”).
Screwfix encourages abandoners to complete their orders by reminding them how close they are to the finish line.
Don’t make your visitors think that they have to start from scratch — it’s not only annoying, it removes the impetus for goal completion.
miércoles, 3 de diciembre de 2014
Ciencias clinicas ; Cancer.
El cáncer de próstata
es el más frecuente en el varón y su incidencia aumenta con la edad,
hasta el punto de que se estima que a la edad de 80 años el 80% de los
hombres habrán tenido este tipo de cáncer. Sin embargo, se trata de un tumor en el que cabe obtener un diagnóstico precoz mediante un análisis de sangre para medir el PSA, que ya se realiza a todos los hombres a partir de los 45-50 años. Cuando se da esta circunstancia, este tipo de cáncer es operable y consecuentemente curable.
Por otra parte, según datos de 2012 aportados en un informe elaborado por la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM), en términos de incidencia, es decir, del número de nuevos casos por año, siguen al cáncer de próstata el colorrectal, de pulmón y estómago. También son frecuentes en los varones el cáncer de vejiga, de laringe, los linfomas, la leucemia y el melanoma. Este último viene registrando un aumento significativo en los últimos años -del orden de un 7%, según datos de la Academia Española de Dermatología y Venerología (AEDV)-, especialmente en jóvenes, como consecuencia de una mayor exposición al sol sin la protección adecuada.
Pese a ello, el cáncer de pulmón es la causa más frecuente de mortalidad por cáncer entre los hombres, seguido del cáncer colorrectal y el de próstata.
Por otra parte, según datos de 2012 aportados en un informe elaborado por la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM), en términos de incidencia, es decir, del número de nuevos casos por año, siguen al cáncer de próstata el colorrectal, de pulmón y estómago. También son frecuentes en los varones el cáncer de vejiga, de laringe, los linfomas, la leucemia y el melanoma. Este último viene registrando un aumento significativo en los últimos años -del orden de un 7%, según datos de la Academia Española de Dermatología y Venerología (AEDV)-, especialmente en jóvenes, como consecuencia de una mayor exposición al sol sin la protección adecuada.
Pese a ello, el cáncer de pulmón es la causa más frecuente de mortalidad por cáncer entre los hombres, seguido del cáncer colorrectal y el de próstata.
lunes, 1 de diciembre de 2014
Estar en tus 20s ; Vida de parranda o vida de estudio ?
Estar en tus 20s puede ser algo sumamente complicado o sumamente divertido. Si eliges que sea divertido, tu futuro probablemente pagara el precio. Es necesario hacer todos tus esfuerzos hoy para que en un futuro tengas estabilidad económica y no tengas que depender de tus padres a los 28+ (como algunas amistades que tengo)…
Be yong, have fun ; pero no pierdas la vista en tus metas.
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